Cincinnati Occasional Papers in German-American Studies
No.8, 2005
The Captain:
Albert Steinhauser,
German-American Journalist,
Turner, and Freidenker,
New Ulm, Minnesota
By Don Heinrich Tolzmann
Edited by Jerry Glenn and Anna Heran
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The Captain
Foreword
In April 2004, the Society for German-American Studies held its annual meeting and symposium at New Ulm, Minnesota. During the conference several of us took the opportunity of making use of the rich resources at the Brown County Historical Society. This provided the opportunity to seek out sources dealing with Albert Steinhauser (1867-1957), New Ulm’s well-known German-American newspaper publisher and editor. While at the Society, William H. Roba, SGAS Treasurer, fortunately made copies of several articles about him that had appeared in the New Ulm Review, and later sent them to me. In reviewing these materials about Steinhauser, I felt that there were several reasons why he was deserving of coverage in this issue of the Cincinnati Occasional Papers in German-American Studies.
First, the Steinhauser family had family connections to the Greater Cincinnati area, and it seemed more than appropriate that this particular issue should be devoted to him. Second, Steinhauser played a significant role in the history of the German-American press not only in Minnesota, but nationally as well, and is worthy of further research and study. Finally, with friends and family in and around the New Ulm area, I have taken a more than casual interest in its history and have published several works on the topic. This Occasional Paper marks an introductory review, and one that is long overdue, of the life and work of Albert Steinhauser, German-American journalist, Turner, and Freidenker. Finally, many thanks to Darla Gebhard, Research Librarian and Archivist, Brown County Historical Society, New Ulm, for her assistance in the preparation of this essay.
Don Heinrich Tolzmann
THE CAPTAIN
The Steinhauser family originated in Gehaus, a village located south of Eisenach in Sachsen-Weimer. In 1854, after the death of his wife, Heinrich Steinhauser made the decision to immigrate from Gehaus to America with his daughter, Katharina.1 They arrived that year in Newport, Kentucky, located directly across the Ohio River from Cincinnati. By that time, the Greater Cincinnati area had already developed into one of the major German-American population centers, eventually becoming known as one of the corners in the famed "German Triangle" along with Milwaukee and St. Louis.2
In 1856, Heinrich Steinhauser married Margaretha Magdlung, who had immigrated with her brother, and whom Steinhauser had met during the ocean voyage to America. In 1857, they boarded the steamship Frank Steele in Cincinnati, which took them westwards down the Ohio River to the Mississippi River, where it then headed north to Minnesota. The steamer arrived in New Ulm on 7 May 1857 after a trip that had taken an entire month due to the fact that the Mississippi River had been frozen at Lake Pepin. On board the Frank Steele there was a total of seventy German families from Cincinnati, most of them members of the Cincinnati Turngemeinde, or Turner Society.3
Refugees of the 1848 Revolution in the German states had founded the first Turnverein in America in Cincinnati, with Friedrich Hecker as its founding father. Due to the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing movement of the time, the Turners had established the Turner Settlement Society of North America, whose president was Wilhelm Pfaender. Under his leadership, the Turners had acquired the German settlement of New Ulm that had been founded in 1854 by the Chicago Landverein. In 1856, Pfaender led the first group of German settlers from Cincinnati to New Ulm.4 Many others, including the Steinhauser family followed them.
According to a grandson, Frederic Steinhauser, "When the colony arrived at New Ulm, the new arrivals were flabbergasted, especially the women, as there was really no settlement. They were disembarked on the bank of the Minnesota River and stayed in some very primitive structures until houses could be built. There were still many Indians in the area along the river. From the spring of 1857 until 1862, New Ulm began to look like a settlement, connected to the world by the steamships on the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers."5
The settlement grew as more German settlers arrived. Steinhauser's daughter, Katharina, had remained in Cincinnati, and Frederic Steinhauser reports having visited her and her son, Carl Schaefer, there. During Heinrich Steinhauser's time in Newport, Kentucky, he had learned the trade of stone masonry, and had worked on the suspension bridge on the Ohio River constructed by John A. Roebling.6 In New Ulm, he became a painter, and in 1862, the family survived the great Sioux Uprising, which devastated the region of southwest Minnesota. According to Frederic Steinhauser, "Grandfather was assigned to a group of men stationed in a building overlooking the Minnesota River. This group was part of John Belm's company. They were to ward off the Indians who came up from the River. After several attacks, the Indians were driven off. Many of the settlers, including the Steinhausers, were put on a wagon train to Mankato to remain until the fighting was over. Some never returned but went to St. Paul or other areas to live."7
Altogether the Steinhausers raised a family of eight children. The reason why there is a Steinhauser Park in New Ulm is explained by Frederic Steinhauser as follows: "Three of the children remained unmarried, Henry, Clara, and Anna, and lived together running a vegetable and fruit farm. They had a summer home on the farm, 12 acres, which they later donated to the city, which is now called Steinhauser Park. It is in the city just below Summit Avenue. . . . The Steinhausers also had a winter home, brick, on South Broadway on the block south of the Historical Building."8 The Steinhauser name, therefore, is a name well known in the New Ulm area.
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| Albert Steinhauser, ca. 1900 |
One of the children of the Steinhauser family is the subject of this particular Occasional Paper: Albert Steinhauser. He was born 13 August 1867 in New Ulm, attended school there, and was admitted to the bar in 1899 after having studied law. He was appointed to the rank of Captain during the Spanish-American Civil War, and commanded the National Guard Company in the Philippine Islands. He served with honor and received the Purple Heart and the Silver Star, and thereafter was generally known as the "Captain." In New Ulm, he also served as City Attorney, and held office also as County Attorney for Brown County and Superintendent of Brown County Schools. Moreover, he was often elected President of the New Ulm Turnverein.
Above and beyond his community service, he was especially well known as a German-American newspaper publisher and editor, as well as an articulate and zealous advocate of German-American interests. According to the local newspaper, Captain Steinhauser was recognized by German-Americans "as one of the outstanding orators" of his time, and, moreover, was "one of New Ulm's outstanding and most honest citizens" known statewide "as a soldier, politician, newspaperman, and attorney." He certainly can be viewed as one of the foremost spokesmen of the German element in Minnesota.
In October 1911, he and his future wife, Harriet Payne, became editors of the New Ulm Review, an English-language weekly, published by the New Ulm Publishing Co., of which Steinhauser became secretary and treasurer. Both of them handled editorial matters until 1919, and thereafter maintained management control of the paper. This company also published the New Ulm Post, a German-language weekly, edited by Steinhauser from 1911 to 1933. On 2 March 1916, he became the sole owner of the latter paper; earlier, in December 1915, he had purchased another German-language paper, Der Fortschritt, and absorbed it into the Post. Both publications, of course, provide a gold mine of information regarding the history of New Ulm, and are noted for the editorial and journalistic flair that Steinhauser brought to them.9
At the same time, he took on the position as editor of Der Freidenker, published by the Turner Publishing Co. This also included a supplement, Die Turner-Zeitung, as the paper circulated to German-American Turners throughout the country. The Freidenker moreover was the official organ of publication of the German-American Free Thought League of North America, formerly the Freidenkerbund von Nordamerika. Therefore, Steinhauser was simultaneously publishing four publications, with editorial responsibility for the three German-language publications. Together they gave Steinhauser a sizable regional, as well as national readership for his publications that carried a countless number of his editorials, articles, and addresses on every imaginable topic.
Aside from the publications he edited, reference might also be made to the other publications issued by the New Ulm Publishing Co. These included: The Messenger, a quarterly for the students of the Dr. Martin Luther College of New Ulm; the Missionsbriefe, a German monthly for the Chinese mission; and Mind and Body and the American Turner, both published for the Turner Publishing Co. and read by German-American Turners nationally. Most likely, there were other German-American publications that came off the press of the New Ulm Publishing Co. as well. In short, the editorial career of Steinhauser is deserving of greater research and study, but there is no question that he could be considered one of the leading figures in the history of the German-American press.
Steinhauser’s flamboyant style of journalism attracted widespread attention, especially during and after the First World War when he came to be viewed as a German-American spokesman. According to Martin Henry Steffel: "The words of Albert Steinhauser were not couched in political cliché or garnished by sweet sentiment. Rather they were the words of an army captain and journalist, direct and strong words which evoked evangelistic fervor."10 In other words, Steinhauser spoke and wrote deutsch direkt with words that packed a punch, and grabbed the attention of those that heard him, or read his articles and editorials. An example of his writing (27 April 1917), readily reveals his style: "The plutocratic government, ruled by Wall Street, is coining money out of the people's blood and we, as American citizens, have a right, under the Constitution, to address our grievances to Congress and the President. Already fifteen newspapers and magazines have been suppressed by this government, when freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of the people."11
After listing the publications he had referred to, he wrote: "The people are so stirred to a greater depth than they have been for years. They are now thinking more about the political, social, and economic questions of the day in twenty-four hours than they did in the past in as many months. For years we have been chasing false gods, such as the accumulation of wealth and have subserved all other activities to this one thing. We have cared little for honor and justice. The craze for money getting, which permeates Wall Street has diffused itself to the lowest state of society. This war may bring about a great awakening and in the end be beneficial. If it does it is cheap at the price."12 Given the anti-German hysteria of the time, it is not surprising that Steinhauser "suffered maltreatment by chauvinists who regarded loyalty and dissent to be mutually exclusive."13
A huge rally was held in New Ulm 25 July 1917 with the purpose of formulating a request “to congress and the government . . . not [to] force those drafted to fight in Europe against their will.” Speakers included Dr. L.A. Fritsche, Mayor; Albert Pfaender, City Attorney; Adolph Ackermann, president of Dr. Martin Luther College; and Steinhauser. Each addressed the issue at hand from various perspectives. Ackermann, for example, asked: “If we are fighting for this country’s rights, why did we not declare war against Great Britain, which first violated our rights?” Steinhauser focused his remarks on the fact that German-language publications had to seek approval by the local postmaster to be sent through the mails. He noted: “There is no appeal to a higher court from the decision of a postmaster, consequently the postmaster can make himself an autocrat as they are not found even in Russia.”14
In March 1918, Steinhauser was expelled from the Minnesota Editorial Association due to his courageous criticism of the Wilson Administration. However, "when that reprimand failed to dampen his criticism of government policy, the editor was arrested by federal agents, rushed to federal court in St. Paul, and charged under the Espionage Act." Fortunately, he never came to trial. Nonetheless, "several American Legion posts unsuccessfully demanded the termination of the old soldier's pension."15 In the face of such slander and harassment, Steinhauser staunchly stood his ground in defense of freedom of the press.
The advent of Prohibition saw Steinhauser stand up for the German-American belief in the principle of "personal liberty" with regard to the role of government in American society. He wrote: "The old spirit of human rights and freedom inherited from our forefathers undoubtedly will reassert itself and will give back to the people what by all rights belongs to them, the right to govern each one his or her own personal life, rather than live by the cut and dried formulas provided by those who cannot imagine others as wise as themselves. . . . Prohibition will not last. Sooner or later there will be a return to common sense and common justice."16 Once again, Steinhauser had spoken out on behalf of German-Americans, and he was admired for his tenacity and journalistic courage.
The Hecker Monument in Cincinnati, Ohio bears the inscription: "Mit Wort und That für Volksfreiheit im alten und neuen Vaterland," or: "With word and deed for the freedom of the people in the old and new fatherland." The life and work of Albert Steinhauser clearly demonstrate that he lived and spoke in accordance with this credo. To obtain a closer, more personal look at Steinhauser I have appended an article written by his wife shortly after his death, as well as a eulogy written by Steinhauser and presented in New Ulm at the graveside service for his friend Peter Franz Leibold, 3 March 1896.
STEINHAUSER LIFE SKETCH17
By Harriet Payne Steinhauser
Albert Steinhauser was a native-born citizen of New Ulm and he had never lived anywhere else all his life with the exception of his service in the American army of the Republic at the time of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine war to subdue the rebellious Islanders in the far-away Pacific. Captain also traveled widely in his native land and was well informed by education and reading on the life of his fellow countrymen and fellow world-citizens. He was always deeply concerned about the plight of the unfortunates of all ages during his long life of 90 years. He would have reached that milestone next August 13.
He grew to maturity in his birthplace in the old homestead on Broadway across from our present city hall. At 17 years of age he became a teacher in the local public schools, under the supervision of Superintendent Robert Nix for whom he had great respect and admiration.18
I believe Captain taught about seven years in the local schools, in the meantime “reading law” in the offices of Judge Weber and Lind and Hornburg. When John Lind became Governor of Minnesota, Mr. Steinhauser succeeded him to practice. Meantime he had become interested in the National Guard branch of the Armed Services. When War was declared against Spain in 1898, Mr. Steinhauser, already a Captain under appointment by Gov. Merriam, took his company of Volunteers into the Spanish-American War.
During his service, his company was stationed in Chicamaugua Park, Georgia, for training the summer after the sinking of the American battleship, the “Maine,” in Havana Harbor, Cuba. The war was brought to an end by the sinking of the Spanish Royal Fleet in Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, by Admiral John Dewey’s fleet.
That engagement resulted in the surrender of Spain, and the United States purchased the Philippine Islands and undertook to subdue the natives under their leader, Aguinaldo. Capt. Steinhauser then immediately offered his services to the Regular Army and was sent at the head of a company of Volunteers early in 1900, to the Islands. There, after partaking in several engagements, he was badly wounded at Labo, in the Camarines by three separate charges, one of which completely destroyed the joint of his right knee. That was on May 29, 1900.
Among others who were wounded, Captain lay on a dirt floor in a jungle church for two days before reinforcement and hospital aides reached them and took them back to the main forces and later, I believe, to Japan for treatment of his wounds. He refused to permit amputation, and when he had sufficiently recovered was brought on the ship’s officer’s mess table across the Pacific in a ship whose beds were too short for Captain’s 6’ 1” length.
The war ending, his volunteer company was mustered out and Captain returned to civil life and the pursuit of law. He spent nearly a year in hospitals before his wounds mended sufficiently to permit him to walk normally with the use of a cane after the right knee had been re-broken and reset by the famous bone surgeon, Dr. Gillette, then of St. Paul.
It was not long after this that I first met Captain, and for eight years we carried on a partnership in the newspaper business. Success began to come our way and the very small plant we started with in 1911 expanded to almost three times its size.
In 1919 we, Captain and I, were married in mid-July and continued to make our home in New Ulm. After the First World War was over we found ourselves possessors of a very prosperous publishing business.
The “Roaring Twenties” came and we adopted our family of four children. A venture in Canadian real estate and the oncoming depression of the 30s brought great hardship to many, the Steinhausers among them. All business suffered—law, real estate, and publishing—and we just narrowly missed losing our home. We did lose the farmlands, leaving us worse than penniless because there were many and heavy debts to be paid. Pulling himself up by his bootstraps, Captain secured a political job in the State Highway Department.
A fortunate turn in real estate following the Second World War enabled him to sell the business block housing the present Pink’s dry goods store location, and thus we cleared up a large part of the business indebtedness and the balance we worked off until in 1947 we found ourselves square with the world, financially, and Captain then retired, for his sight was gradually dimming. When he retired from the practice of law he gave his law library to a newcomer in the field.
Since then, we have lived quietly at home, making various brief trips to the east and west coasts, enjoying the sunny fall days of life. Ten years ago that was, and as Captain grew older, his great patience and kindness—always a natural part of his disposition—became more and more marked and, as I have often told you, I never heard a cross or petulant word fall from the lips of the man by whose side I have marched so steadily for many years.
My husband I were for the past three years the only surviving members of our two families of our generation; we were alone except for very dear nieces and nephews of both of us, our foster children, and all the children of each of the young people. We have been in close touch with them all thru the last 30 years and their lives and fortunes have been our chief concern during the last decade. Letters from any of them always brought forth a thrill of joy and an absorbing interest in the world they must make their way in.
Our foster children are Nita, Mrs. Norman Herrian of Portland, Oregon, who has three daughters, Mrs. Belle Poehler of Milwaukee, with two sons; Mrs. Carl (June) Schwartz, and her three daughters, living near us in New Ulm. Their brother, Donald Wager, who lived with us and went to school in New Ulm, returned to his native land, Canada, and entered the military forces in 1940, became a “rifleman” and died on the beaches of Normandy during the Invasion as he landed with his fellow riflemen the first day. He was only 21 when he died in the Second World War. His remains lay in a French cemetery.
Our foster children were the joy of Captain’s heart, and I once overheard him say to the late Dr. Reineke, “Our children were the best thing that ever happened to us.” Dr. Reineke understood for he, too, was a foster father.
The nieces, and nephews, daughters and sons of Captain’s half-sister Kate, and of his brothers Armin and Emil, were equally dear to Captain. Callie (Mrs. Charles Boehlke of Lamberton) was Emil’s daughter. She has one son and his family lives at Windom, and her mother Mrs. Halvor Swanson lives at Lamberton. The family name has been lost both here in New Ulm and in Lamberton where it was long known as a synonym for honesty and kindliness.
I alone carry the name here, in trust, for a brief time to come, I hope. I have always felt pride in wearing that name given me by my dear husband so many years ago.
In Minneapolis, Gretchen Steinhauser (Mrs. Otto Hankey), represents the family of her father, Captain’s brother Armin, whom I never knew, as he died a young man.19
Armin Steinhauser, son of Emil, Captain’s brother, deceased in 1937, also lives in Minneapolis, and there are three children in his family, two boys to carry on the Steinhauser name. A brother of Armin, Fredric Steinhauser is a member of the University of Minnesota faculty.20 He has also sons to do honor to the name that was brought to America by Grandfather Henry Steinhauser when he left his fatherland to come to America with his motherless daughter Kate and settled in Newport, Kentucky.21 When Henry Steinhauser decided to come west with the first settlers of New Ulm in 1857, he brought with him a young wife, born Margaretha Magdlung, and her firstborn child was Henry, Captain’s oldest brother who would have been 100 years old, had he lived five years longer. He died in 1954; honored and loved by all who knew him as infant, schoolboy, man and elder citizen for 95 years in the city he grew with from the very first year of their life together. Henry, then a humble, unassuming man, added luster to the Steinhauser name as well as that of the city of New Ulm.
Kate Steinhauser, the orphaned daughter of Grandfather Henry Steinhauser, was raised by friends of her parents in Newport, Kentucky. Her children were Herbert and Eden Weber (the latter deceased) and Edna Weber Schaefer. Herbert lives in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Edna in Newport, Kentucky. Captain and I visited them in their homes several times and felt often the close tie that seemed to hold Steinhauser family members together in all their joys and sorrows, altho we lived far apart.
Other well-known members of Captain’s immediate family were his sisters Clara and Annie who lived out their appointed three score and ten years of life in the family home at No. 11 South Broadway, both known and loved for their kindness and goodness. The large red brick house was only last week dismantled to make room for the new 20th century Supermarket to be shortly erected at the corner of Center and Broadway.
Its companion home, where Gretchen Hankey lived as a child, was the home that made a proud last appearance as it traveled north on Minnesota Street last week, to Fifth North, elevated on trucks, that permitted to gaze into the windows of the offices where Captain had spent most of his professional life between Center and First North Street.
I did not tell Captain of the dismantling of his old home and that of their nearest neighbor, Robert Nix, during the years of Captain’s early maturity. I thought it might sadden him in his frail state of health. So much of his life had been spent in the square surrounded and faced by the Municipal Building, the Post Office, the old Brown County Bank Building, our old business block, now Pink’s, the Masonic Hall and other well-known buildings in that square, where he was born, where he was appointed Captain by the Governor in 1899, where he practiced law, where he helped to draft New Ulm’s former City Charter, and where his guiding mind and hand were very active for the good of his beloved New Ulm. He served for years on the Public Library Board and was made an Honorary Life Member there, when his health failed so much eight years ago that he could no longer take an active part in guiding the fortunes of the Institution in which he felt a deep interest.
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| Steinhauser in his law office with his stenographer, Helen Kuehlbach. |
Captain had many and varied interests. He was an officer of the Brown County Bank, was City and County Attorney, Judge of Probate, one of the charter members and long time president of the Junior Pioneers in its earliest years. He was a 50-year member and president repeatedly of the New Ulm Turnverein, one of the most potent forces for good and for advancement in the early days of the City.22 He was for years one of the most ardent well-wishers of the Brown county Agricultural Society, a member and officer of the New Ulm Savings and Loan Association, and was for a term Judge of Probate.
During the active life of the non-partisan league, Captain and I with him were keenly interested in the state’s politics and at one time Captain was asked to run for the job of Lieutenant Governor. Captain left the decision to me and I vetoed the idea, for I could not think of an honest man like Captain being subjected to the stresses and strains of painful political life and the mud slinging that would go with it. I knew my good husband was absolutely, scrupulously, honest and sincere and I felt it would spoil our marriage to attempt what I thought an impossible task. I thought of John A. Johnson, Minnesota’s greatest governor, I believe, and of the stings of outrageous fortune he endured, and I couldn’t bring myself to let Captain make the sacrifice.
So Captain and I for years gave up all ideas of seeking prominence and fortune and thus had almost a score of years of quiet, placid, earthly happiness, which will support me now in my somewhat lonely old age. I shall miss seeing him, yet he will be always with me. He always said, he could see me, tho for several years he saw nothing else, but I was still always nearby as he will be to me although I shall not be able to see his physical self.
Another activity in which Captain delighted was the production of amateur plays by members of the Turner dramatic society. His training in this work led to his being in great demand for many years as a public speaker, both here and in many other communities. He was especially regarded with admiration as a German speaker of distinction both in his own German community of New Ulm and in the Twin Cities as well and in other large cities of the United States, when he was a member of the National Turner Society and publisher of their national organ, Die Turnerzeitung.23 His public speaking brought comfort to many sad hearts as he officiated at hundreds of last services for members of Turner Societies and others not of orthodox faiths.
A man of geniality, known to many and generous to many others whom he knew but slightly, Captain lived a long and full life of interest and more than a little of excitement in the troubled times of the first half of the 20th Century, even submitting himself to severe censure because of his principles when he found himself opposed to general public opinion in times of community and national stress and strain. His was, indeed, a colorful life as our esteemed contemporary, the Daily Journal, described it.
His burial will be under military auspices, conducted by the various army organizations with which he was affiliated. (Ed. note: According to the New Ulm Review, military services were held Saturday, 4 July 1957, and taps were sounded for the Captain. Both he and his wife are buried in Solders Rest in the New Ulm City Cemetery).
A STEINHAUSER EULOGY24
Steinhauser was well known not only for his journalistic writings, as well as his speaking engagements across the country. He was especially noted for eulogies presented at services for friends and colleagues. The latter are of special interest as they provide insight into the philosophical Weltanschauung of a German-American Turner and Freidenker.25 The one he presented for his friend Armin Leibold demonstrates this, and may even be considered as his own Abschiedsrede, or farewell address. He began by noting of his friend that: "Lately, for some months, he has felt that his life was approaching the end but this did not arouse any fear of death in him. It appeared to me that he accepted this matter in a most philosophical manner and submitted to tireless fate without a murmur." He then goes on to say:
"Reason and understanding must be kept within bounds, the same as joy and happiness, especially when one deals with that which cannot be altered. Sooner or later the hour arrives for all of us that will change our existing presence, and our bodies will revert to earth's bosom and, in the perpetual interchange, fashion new forms with the disintegrated dust.
“Wherever we look at surrounding nature, our gaze meets the frailty of the past: everything that delights our eyes and our hearts. Everywhere we are confronted by the perpetual interchange between life and death, from growth to decline and disappearance. No atom in the universe is lost. The elusive substance is continually changing into an innumerable variety of forms. . . .
“Considering the mighty changes that take place in the universe and the perpetual interchange of all things from the largest to the smallest, we are unable to ignore the fact that the human species must be subject to the unalterable law of nature: that our existence is also not infinite, and there can be no individual permanence.
“But in spite of this knowledge of the acceptance of common valid laws, every fiber of our being resists this necessary departure at the thought of a farewell forever. When we recognize our true situation in nature, then we face, instead of violent pain, the quiet pain of complete acquiescence to that which is unchangeable."
1 Information on the Steinhauser family is drawn from Frederic R. Steinhauser, Frederick Robert Steinhauser: History and Genealogy (n.p., 1994). Also, see the various references to the family in J.H. Strasser, New Ulm, Minnesota: J.H. Strasser’s History and Chronology, tr. and ed. Don Heinrich Tolzmann (Milford, OH: Little Miami, 2003).
2 Regarding Cincinnati, see Don Heinrich Tolzmann, German Heritage Guide to the Greater Cincinnati Area (Milford, OH: Little Miami, 2003). Regarding the connections between Cincinnati and New Ulm, see Strasser, New Ulm, Minnesota, pp. 1-12. Also, note the many references to Cincinnati in the index.
3 For information on the Cincinnati Turners, see Kevin Grace, Sporting Man: Garry Herrmann and the 1909 Turnfest, Cincinnati Occasional Papers in German-American Studies, No. 3 (Cincinnati: German-American Studies Program, University of Cincinnati, 2004). Also, see Cincinnati Central Turners, Cincinnati Central Turners Sesquicentennial Celebration, August 1, 1998 (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Central Turners, 1998).
4 For information on Wilhelm Pfaender, see Strasser, New Ulm, Minnesota, pp. 11ff. For a list of Germans in New Ulm in 1860, see Frederic R. Steinhauser, New Ulm Germans: Adults of German Birth in New Ulm and Surrounding Areas 1860 (Minneapolis: General College, U of Minnesota, 1986).
5 Frederic R. Steinhauser, Frederic Robert Steinhauser: History and Genealogy (n.p., 1994), p. 6.
6 For a history of the bridge, see Don Heinrich Tolzmann, The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge on the Ohio River, Max Kade Occasional Papers in German-American Studies, No. 1 (Cincinnati: German-American Studies Program, University of Cincinnati, 1998).
7 Steinhauser, History, p. 7.
8 Ibid.
9 For bibliographical information on the German-American publications cited here, see Karl J. R. Arndt and May E. Olson, The German Language Press of the Americas. Volume 1: History and Bibliography 1732-1968: United States of America, 3rd rev. ed. (Pullach/München: K.G. Saur, 1976).
10 Martin Henry Steffel, "New Ulm and World War I," M.A. Thesis, Mankato State College, 1966, p. 53.
11New Ulm Review, 27 April 1917.
12 Ibid.
13 Morton A. Schroeder, A Time to Remember: An Informal History of Dr. Martin Luther College (New Ulm, MN: Dr. Martin Luther College, 1984), p. 61.
14 Carl Henry Chrislock, Watchdog of Loyalty: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety During World War I (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1991), p. 135.
15 Kathryn Adams Doty, A Long Year of Silence (Roseville, MN: Edinborough, 2004), pp. 195-96. The plight of German-American newspaper publishers and editors is highlighted by the fact that in 1917, Joseph Matt and Friedrich Bergmeier of the St. Paul Volkszeitung had been summoned before the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety, and thereafter interned for allegedly having made anti-war and pro-German remarks. See Don Heinrich Tolzmann, "The German Language Press of Minnesota, 1855 to 1955," Journal of German-American Studies, 5 (1972): 176.
16 Daniel John Hoisington, A German Town: A History of New Ulm, Minnesota (New Ulm, MN: The City of New Ulm, 2004), p. 142.
17 This appeared in the New Ulm Review, 1 July 1957: 5-7.
18 Robert Nix (1854-1910) was born in New Ulm, became head of the Public Schools of New Ulm, and later served as director of the German bilingual program in Indianapolis. For a collection of his poetry in German, English, and Latin, see Robert Nix, Poems (Spokane: Else M. Nix, 1930).
19 Gretchen Steinhauser assisted in the preparation of the following edition of a work by Jacob Nix, the father of Robert Nix: The Sioux Uprising in Minnesota, 1862: Jacob Nix’s Eyewitness History, tr. Gretchen Steinhauser, Don Heinrich Tolzmann, and Eberhard Reichmann, ed. Don Heinrich Tolzmann (Indianapolis: Max Kade German-American Center, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis and Indiana German Heritage Society, 1994).
20 Frederic Steinhauser assisted in the preparation of the following edition: J.H. Strasser, New Ulm in Word and Picture: J.H. Strasser’s History of a German-American Settlement (1892), tr. and ed. Don Heinrich Tolzmann, with Frederic R. Steinhauser (Indianapolis: Max Kade German-American Center, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis and Indiana German Heritage Society, 1997).
21 Regarding German immigration and settlement in Newport, see H.A. Rattermann, Kentucky’s German Pioneers: H.A. Rattermann’s History, tr. and ed. Don Heinrich Tolzmann (Bowie, MD: Heritage, 2001).
22 Regarding the New Ulm Turnverein, see Hoisington, A German Town.
23 For further information on the Turners, see Eric L. Pumroy and Katja Rampelmann, Research Guide to the Turner Movement in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996). Also, see Henry Metzner, History of the American Turners, 3rd rev. ed. (Rochester, NY: National Council of the American Turners, 1974), and Annette R. Hoffmann, Aufstieg und Niedergang des Deutschen Turnens in den USA (Schorndorf: Hofmann, 2001).
24 Original located in the archives of the Brown County Historical Society, New Ulm, MN.
25 Regarding philosophical matters, see Annette R. Hoffmann, ed., Turnen and Sport: Transatlantic Transfers (Münster: Wasmann, 2004), esp. Part Three: “Mental turnen.”